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.hide-on-print{display:none!important} .print-only{display:block!important} .hide-for-print{display:none!important} .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} @media print,amzn-kf8{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} .sect1{padding:0!important} .sect1+.sect1{border:0} #footer{background:none} #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}} @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}} </style> <style> pre>code { display: inline; } </style> </head> <body class="manpage"> <div id="header"> <h1>giteveryday(7) Manual Page</h1> <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <p>giteveryday - A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git</p> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git users can broadly be grouped into four categories for the purposes of describing here a small set of useful commands for everyday Git.</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><a href="#STANDALONE">Individual Developer (Standalone)</a> commands are essential for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works alone.</p> </li> <li> <p>If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in the <a href="#PARTICIPANT">Individual Developer (Participant)</a> section as well.</p> </li> <li> <p>People who play the <a href="#INTEGRATOR">Integrator</a> role need to learn some more commands in addition to the above.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#ADMINISTRATION">Repository Administration</a> commands are for system administrators who are responsible for the care and feeding of Git repositories.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_individual_developer_standalone">Individual Developer (Standalone)<a id="STANDALONE"></a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with other people, and works alone in a single repository, using the following commands.</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a> to create a new repository.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> to see what happened.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a> and <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> to switch branches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to manage the index file.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> and <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> to see what you are in the middle of doing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> to advance the current branch.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a> to undo changes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a> to merge between local branches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> to maintain topic branches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a> to mark a known point.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_examples">Examples</h3> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz $ cd frotz $ git init $ git add . <b class="conum">(1)</b> $ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree." $ git tag v2.43 <b class="conum">(2)</b></pre> </div> </div> <div class="colist arabic"> <ol> <li> <p>add everything under the current directory.</p> </li> <li> <p>make a lightweight, unannotated tag.</p> </li> </ol> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Create a topic branch and develop.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git switch -c alsa-audio <b class="conum">(1)</b> $ edit/compile/test $ git restore curses/ux_audio_oss.c <b class="conum">(2)</b> $ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c <b class="conum">(3)</b> $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD <b class="conum">(4)</b> $ git commit -a -s <b class="conum">(5)</b> $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD^ <b class="conum">(6)</b> $ git commit -a --amend <b class="conum">(7)</b> $ git switch master <b class="conum">(8)</b> $ git merge alsa-audio <b class="conum">(9)</b> $ git log --since='3 days ago' <b class="conum">(10)</b> $ git log v2.43.. curses/ <b class="conum">(11)</b></pre> </div> </div> <div class="colist arabic"> <ol> <li> <p>create a new topic branch.</p> </li> <li> <p>revert your botched changes in <code>curses/ux_audio_oss.c</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p>you need to tell Git if you added a new file; removal and modification will be caught if you do <code>git commit -a</code> later.</p> </li> <li> <p>to see what changes you are committing.</p> </li> <li> <p>commit everything, as you have tested, with your sign-off.</p> </li> <li> <p>look at all your changes including the previous commit.</p> </li> <li> <p>amend the previous commit, adding all your new changes, using your original message.</p> </li> <li> <p>switch to the master branch.</p> </li> <li> <p>merge a topic branch into your master branch.</p> </li> <li> <p>review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be combined and include <code>-10</code> (to show up to 10 commits), <code>--until=2005-12-10</code>, etc.</p> </li> <li> <p>view only the changes that touch what’s in <code>curses/</code> directory, since <code>v2.43</code> tag.</p> </li> </ol> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_individual_developer_participant">Individual Developer (Participant)<a id="PARTICIPANT"></a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> from the upstream to prime your local repository.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> and <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> from "origin" to keep up-to-date with the upstream.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> to shared repository, if you adopt CVS style shared repository workflow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> to prepare e-mail submission, if you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a> to send your e-mail submission without corruption by your MUA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a> to create a summary of changes for your upstream to pull.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_examples_2">Examples</h3> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6 $ cd my2.6 $ git switch -c mine master <b class="conum">(1)</b> $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <b class="conum">(2)</b> $ git format-patch master <b class="conum">(3)</b> $ git send-email --to="person <email@example.com>" 00*.patch <b class="conum">(4)</b> $ git switch master <b class="conum">(5)</b> $ git pull <b class="conum">(6)</b> $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <b class="conum">(7)</b> $ git ls-remote --heads http://git.kernel.org/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git <b class="conum">(8)</b> $ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL <b class="conum">(9)</b> $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <b class="conum">(10)</b> $ git gc <b class="conum">(11)</b></pre> </div> </div> <div class="colist arabic"> <ol> <li> <p>checkout a new branch <code>mine</code> from master.</p> </li> <li> <p>repeat as needed.</p> </li> <li> <p>extract patches from your branch, relative to master,</p> </li> <li> <p>and email them.</p> </li> <li> <p>return to <code>master</code>, ready to see what’s new</p> </li> <li> <p><code>git pull</code> fetches from <code>origin</code> by default and merges into the current branch.</p> </li> <li> <p>immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream since last time we checked, only in the area we are interested in.</p> </li> <li> <p>check the branch names in an external repository (if not known).</p> </li> <li> <p>fetch from a specific branch <code>ALL</code> from a specific repository and merge it.</p> </li> <li> <p>revert the pull.</p> </li> <li> <p>garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.</p> </li> </ol> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Push into another repository.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz frotz <b class="conum">(1)</b> satellite$ cd frotz satellite$ git config --get-regexp '^(remote|branch)\.' <b class="conum">(2)</b> remote.origin.url mothership:frotz remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* branch.master.remote origin branch.master.merge refs/heads/master satellite$ git config remote.origin.push \ +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/satellite/* <b class="conum">(3)</b> satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit satellite$ git push origin <b class="conum">(4)</b> mothership$ cd frotz mothership$ git switch master mothership$ git merge satellite/master <b class="conum">(5)</b></pre> </div> </div> <div class="colist arabic"> <ol> <li> <p>mothership machine has a frotz repository under your home directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite machine.</p> </li> <li> <p>clone sets these configuration variables by default. It arranges <code>git pull</code> to fetch and store the branches of mothership machine to local <code>remotes/origin/*</code> remote-tracking branches.</p> </li> <li> <p>arrange <code>git push</code> to push all local branches to their corresponding branch of the mothership machine.</p> </li> <li> <p>push will stash all our work away on <code>remotes/satellite/*</code> remote-tracking branches on the mothership machine. You could use this as a back-up method. Likewise, you can pretend that mothership "fetched" from you (useful when access is one sided).</p> </li> <li> <p>on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite machine into the master branch.</p> </li> </ol> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Branch off of a specific tag.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git switch -c private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <b class="conum">(1)</b> $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a $ git checkout master $ git cherry-pick v2.6.14..private2.6.14 <b class="conum">(2)</b></pre> </div> </div> <div class="colist arabic"> <ol> <li> <p>create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind) tag.</p> </li> <li> <p>forward port all changes in <code>private2.6.14</code> branch to <code>master</code> branch without a formal "merging". Or longhand<br/> <code>git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 | git am -3 -k</code></p> </li> </ol> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>An alternate participant submission mechanism is using the <code>git request-pull</code> or pull-request mechanisms (e.g. as used on GitHub (www.github.com) to notify your upstream of your contribution.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_integrator">Integrator<a id="INTEGRATOR"></a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates them and publishes the result for others to use, using these commands in addition to the ones needed by participants.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This section can also be used by those who respond to <code>git request-pull</code> or pull-request on GitHub (www.github.com) to integrate the work of others into their history. A sub-area lieutenant for a repository will act both as a participant and as an integrator.</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> to apply patches e-mailed in from your contributors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> to merge from your trusted lieutenants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> to prepare and send suggested alternative to contributors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a> to undo botched commits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> to publish the bleeding edge.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_examples_3">Examples</h3> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">A typical integrator’s Git day.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ git status <b class="conum">(1)</b> $ git branch --no-merged master <b class="conum">(2)</b> $ mailx <b class="conum">(3)</b> & s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply & s 7 8 ./+hold-linus & q $ git switch -c topic/one master $ git am -3 -i -s ./+to-apply <b class="conum">(4)</b> $ compile/test $ git switch -c hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus <b class="conum">(5)</b> $ git switch topic/one && git rebase master <b class="conum">(6)</b> $ git switch -C seen next <b class="conum">(7)</b> $ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus <b class="conum">(8)</b> $ git switch maint $ git cherry-pick master~4 <b class="conum">(9)</b> $ compile/test $ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x <b class="conum">(10)</b> $ git fetch ko && for branch in master maint next seen <b class="conum">(11)</b> do git show-branch ko/$branch $branch <b class="conum">(12)</b> done $ git push --follow-tags ko <b class="conum">(13)</b></pre> </div> </div> <div class="colist arabic"> <ol> <li> <p>see what you were in the middle of doing, if anything.</p> </li> <li> <p>see which branches haven’t been merged into <code>master</code> yet. Likewise for any other integration branches e.g. <code>maint</code>, <code>next</code> and <code>seen</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p>read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others that are not quite ready (other mail readers are available).</p> </li> <li> <p>apply them, interactively, with your sign-offs.</p> </li> <li> <p>create topic branch as needed and apply, again with sign-offs.</p> </li> <li> <p>rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the master or exposed as a part of a stable branch.</p> </li> <li> <p>restart <code>seen</code> every time from the next.</p> </li> <li> <p>and bundle topic branches still cooking.</p> </li> <li> <p>backport a critical fix.</p> </li> <li> <p>create a signed tag.</p> </li> <li> <p>make sure master was not accidentally rewound beyond that already pushed out.</p> </li> <li> <p>In the output from <code>git show-branch</code>, <code>master</code> should have everything <code>ko/master</code> has, and <code>next</code> should have everything <code>ko/next</code> has, etc.</p> </li> <li> <p>push out the bleeding edge, together with new tags that point into the pushed history.</p> </li> </ol> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this example, the <code>ko</code> shorthand points at the Git maintainer’s repository at kernel.org, and looks like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>(in .git/config) [remote "ko"] url = kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/ko/* push = refs/heads/master push = refs/heads/next push = +refs/heads/seen push = refs/heads/maint</pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_repository_administration">Repository Administration<a id="ADMINISTRATION"></a></h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up and maintain access to the repository by developers.</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p><a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a> to allow anonymous download from repository.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a> can be used as a <em>restricted login shell</em> for shared central repository users.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a> provides a server side implementation of Git-over-HTTP ("Smart http") allowing both fetch and push services.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="gitweb.html">gitweb(1)</a> provides a web front-end to Git repositories, which can be set-up using the <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a> script.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p><a href="howto/update-hook-example.html">update hook howto</a> has a good example of managing a shared central repository.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In addition there are a number of other widely deployed hosting, browsing and reviewing solutions such as:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>gitolite, gerrit code review, cgit and others.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sect2"> <h3 id="_examples_4">Examples</h3> <div class="dlist"> <dl> <dt class="hdlist1">We assume the following in /etc/services</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ grep 9418 /etc/services git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System</pre> </div> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from inetd.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ grep git /etc/inetd.conf git stream tcp nowait nobody \ /usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --export-all /pub/scm</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The actual configuration line should be on one line.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from xinetd.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon # default: off # description: The Git server offers access to Git repositories service git { disable = no type = UNLISTED port = 9418 socket_type = stream wait = no user = nobody server = /usr/bin/git-daemon server_args = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm log_on_failure += USERID }</pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a Fedora system. Others might be different.</p> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">Give push/pull only access to developers using git-over-ssh.</dt> <dd> <p>e.g. those using: <code>$ git push/pull ssh://host.xz/pub/scm/project</code></p> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ grep git /etc/passwd <b class="conum">(1)</b> alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell $ grep git /etc/shells <b class="conum">(2)</b> /usr/bin/git-shell</pre> </div> </div> <div class="colist arabic"> <ol> <li> <p>log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does not allow anything but <code>git push</code> and <code>git pull</code>. The users require ssh access to the machine.</p> </li> <li> <p>in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is used as the login shell.</p> </li> </ol> </div> </dd> <dt class="hdlist1">CVS-style shared repository.</dt> <dd> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre>$ grep git /etc/group <b class="conum">(1)</b> git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david $ cd /home/devo.git $ ls -l <b class="conum">(2)</b> lrwxrwxrwx 1 david git 17 Dec 4 22:40 HEAD -> refs/heads/master drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 branches -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 84 Dec 4 22:40 config -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 58 Dec 4 22:40 description drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 hooks -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 37504 Dec 4 22:40 index drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 info drwxrwsr-x 4 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 objects drwxrwsr-x 4 david git 4096 Nov 7 14:58 refs drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 remotes $ ls -l hooks/update <b class="conum">(3)</b> -r-xr-xr-x 1 david git 3536 Dec 4 22:40 update $ cat info/allowed-users <b class="conum">(4)</b> refs/heads/master alice\|cindy refs/heads/doc-update bob refs/tags/v[0-9]* david</pre> </div> </div> <div class="colist arabic"> <ol> <li> <p>place the developers into the same git group.</p> </li> <li> <p>and make the shared repository writable by the group.</p> </li> <li> <p>use update-hook example by Carl from Documentation/howto/ for branch policy control.</p> </li> <li> <p>alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can push into doc-update. david is the release manager and is the only person who can create and push version tags.</p> </li> </ol> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <div id="footer-text"> Last updated 2025-06-13 22:20:03 UTC </div> </div> </body> </html>
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gitprotocol-v2.html
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gitprotocol-v2.txt
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gitremote-helpers.html
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gitremote-helpers.txt
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gitrepository-layout.html
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gitrepository-layout.txt
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gitrevisions.html
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gitrevisions.txt
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gitsubmodules.html
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gitsubmodules.txt
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gittutorial-2.html
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gittutorial-2.txt
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gittutorial.html
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gittutorial.txt
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gitworkflows.html
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gitworkflows.txt
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glossary-content.txt
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howto
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howto-index.html
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howto-index.txt
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i18n.txt
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line-range-format.txt
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line-range-options.txt
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merge-options.txt
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merge-strategies.txt
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mergetools-diff.txt
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mergetools-merge.txt
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object-format-disclaimer.txt
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pretty-formats.txt
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pretty-options.txt
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pull-fetch-param.txt
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ref-reachability-filters.txt
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ref-storage-format.txt
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rerere-options.txt
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rev-list-description.txt
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rev-list-options.txt
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revisions.txt
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scalar.html
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scalar.txt
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sequencer.txt
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signoff-option.txt
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technical
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trace2-target-values.txt
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transfer-data-leaks.txt
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urls-remotes.txt
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urls.txt
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user-manual.html
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user-manual.txt
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